CEDH · CASELAW;COMMUNICATEDCASES;ENG — 1 juin 2023

.s800EAC49 { font-size:12pt } .s379BC09C { margin-top:36pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:right } .sBB9EE52A { font-family:Arial } .s40F41F73 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:right } .s5E1364CA { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-align:center; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; font-size:14pt } .s34DFC730 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:center; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .s339D85E6 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:14pt; text-align:center; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .s54AB6003 { margin-top:66pt; margin-bottom:14pt; text-align:center } .s29100277 { font-family:Arial; font-weight:bold } .sE7C30868 { margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-indent:14.2pt; text-align:justify } .s7ED160F0 { text-decoration:none } .s3DC36BA9 { font-family:Arial; text-decoration:underline; color:#0069d6 } .s665E407E { margin-top:66pt; margin-bottom:14pt; text-align:center; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .s2D9C6089 { margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-indent:14.2pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .sA36B60A1 { font-family:Arial; font-style:italic } .s32563E28 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt } .s4ACA9207 { page-break-before:always; clear:both; mso-break-type:section-break } .s6DB91820 { text-align:center } .s8BB62139 { margin-right:auto; margin-left:auto; border-collapse:collapse } .s3695F815 { border:0.75pt solid #949494; padding:1.02pt 5.03pt; vertical-align:top; background-color:#dfdfdf } .sDF237D91 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:center; font-size:8pt } .sEECE831 { font-family:Arial; font-weight:bold; color:#474747 } .sE8934522 { border:0.75pt solid #949494; padding:1.02pt 5.03pt; vertical-align:top } .s6B505E72 { margin:0pt; padding-left:0pt } .s4F2ADFDB { text-align:center; font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt; list-style-position:inside } .sBB6163A7 { width:2.48pt; font:7pt 'Times New Roman'; display:inline-block } .sA4BC3E2E { font-family:Arial; font-size:5.33pt; vertical-align:super; color:#000000 } .s3A357E38 { text-align:center; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt; list-style-position:inside } .s1DE04BC { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:center; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; font-size:8pt } .s1C7A9706 { text-align:center; page-break-after:avoid; font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt; list-style-position:inside } .sDC9A3D28 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:center; page-break-after:avoid; font-size:8pt } .sFF0F7D91 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:center; font-size:4pt } .sE002D936 { margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:6pt; text-indent:14.2pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; font-size:8pt } .sF6A12959 { width:33%; height:1px; text-align:left } .s5FFF0A7E { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:8pt } Published on 26 June 2023   SECOND SECTION Application no.   43566/21 Elvira Ildusovna GORODNICHEVA against Russia and 27 other applications (see list appended) PROCEDURAL INFORMATION Following a preliminary examination of the admissibility of the applications on 1 June 2023, the Court decided, under Rule 54 § 2 (b) of the Rules of Court, that notice of the applications should be given to the Government of Russia. In the applications marked by an asterisk, other complaints were raised. This part of the applications has been struck out of the Court’s list of cases or declared inadmissible by the Court, sitting in a single-judge formation, assisted by a rapporteur as provided for in Article 24 § 2 of the Convention. In the enclosed list of applications, whenever an applicant is referred to using initials, this indicates that the Court has authorised anonymity for that person, whose identity will not be disclosed to the public (Rule 47 § 4). For further information on the procedure following communication of an application brought against Russia, subject of well-established case law of the Court, please refer to the Court’s website . SUBJECT MATTER The applications concern complaints raised under Article 11 of the Convention relating to disproportionate measures against organisers and participants of public assemblies which are the subject of well-established case law of the Court (see Frumkin v. Russia, no. 74568/12, ECHR 2016 (extracts), Navalnyy and Yashin v. Russia, no. 76204/11, 4 December 2014 and Kasparov and Others v. Russia, no. 21613/07, 3 October 2013).   APPENDIX – STATEMENT OF FACTS List of applications raising complaints under Article 11 of the Convention (disproportionate measures against organisers and participants of public assemblies) No. Application no. Date of introduction Applicant’s name Year of birth   Representative’s name and location Name of the public event Location Date Administrative charges Penalty Final domestic decision Court Name Date Other complaints under well-established case-law     43566/21* 11/08/2021 Elvira Ildusovna GORODNICHEVA 1988 Danil Ilnurovich Nurgaleyev Kazan Rally “Free Navalnyy”   Kazan 23/01/2021 Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO fine of RUB 10,000 Supreme Court of the Republic of Tatarstan 31/03/2021 Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to the police station on 23/01/2021 for compiling an offence report [1] .     43583/21* 11/08/2021 Ramil Valeryevich URAZMANOV 1993 Danil Ilnurovich Nurgaleyev Kazan Rally “Free Navalnyy”   Kazan 23/01/2021 Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO fine of RUB 10,000 Supreme Court of the Republic of Tatarstan 10/03/2021 Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to the police station on 23/01/2021 for compiling an offence report.     43584/21* 11/08/2021 Lenar Maskhutovich KHANGARAYEV 1985 Danil Ilnurovich Nurgaleyev Kazan Rally “Free Navalnyy”   Kazan 23/01/2021 Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO fine of RUB 10,000 Supreme Court of the Republic of Tatarstan 14/04/2021 Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to the police station on 23/01/2021 for compiling an offence report.     43587/21* 11/08/2021 Yevgeniy Vasilyevich CHERNYSHEV 1992 Danil Ilnurovich Nurgaleyev Kazan Rally “Free Navalnyy”   Kazan 23/01/2021 Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO fine of RUB 10,000 Supreme Court of the Republic of Tatarstan 03/03/2021 Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to the police station on 23/01/2021 for compiling an offence report.     43634/21* 11/08/2021 Yelena Sirinovna ZAKIYEVA 1991 Danil Ilnurovich Nurgaleyev Kazan Rally “Free Navalnyy”   Kazan 23/01/2021 Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO fine of RUB 10,000 Supreme Court of the Republic of Tatarstan 03/03/2021 Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to the police station on 23/01/2021 for compiling an offence report.     43650/21 12/08/2021 Dmitriy Vyacheslavovich ABRAMOV 1984 Aleksey Vladimirovich Glukhov Novocheboksarsk Rally “Free Navalnyy”   Cheboksary 23/01/2021 Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO fine of RUB 10,000 Supreme Court of the Chuvashia Republic 18/05/2021 Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings [2] ;   Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in the trial police officers on whose written statements his conviction was based [3] .     59557/21 19/11/2021 Aleksey Yevgenyevich KOZYRENKO 2001   Memorial Human Rights Centre Moscow Rally “Free Navalnyy”   Moscow 31/01/2021 Article 20.2 § 6.1 of CAO fine of RUB 10,000 Moscow City Court 19/05/2021 Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to and detention at the police station for compiling an offence report from 1.50   p.m. on 31/01/2021 until 5.40 p.m. on 01/02/2021; Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings;   Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in the trial police officers on whose written statements his conviction was based.     59612/21* 19/11/2021 Grigoriy Mikhaylovich DRACH 1996   Memorial Human Rights Centre Moscow Rally “Free Navalnyy”   Moscow 31/01/2021 Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO fine of RUB 20,000 Moscow City Court 19/05/2021 Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to and detention at the police station for compiling an offence report from 3.30   p.m. until 11.45 p.m. on 31/01/2021;   Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings;     Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in the trial police officers on whose written statements his conviction was based.     59615/21* 19/11/2021 Yegor Nikolayevich MITEREV 1987   Memorial Human Rights Centre Moscow Rally “Free Navalnyy”   Moscow 02/02/2021 Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO fine of RUB 18,000 Moscow City Court 19/05/2021 Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to the police station for compiling an offence report on 02/02/2021;   Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in the trial police officers on whose written statements his conviction was based;   Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings.   59655/21 17/11/2021 Nikolay Leonidovich KHARISOV 1983   Memorial Human Rights Centre Moscow Rally “Free Navalnyy”   Moscow 3/01/2021 Article 20.2 § 6.1 of CAO fine of RUB 12,000 Moscow City Court 17/05/2021 Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to and detention at the police station for compiling an offence report from 5.00   p.m. on 23/01/2021 until 3.00 p.m. on 25/01/2021;   Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings;   Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in the trial police officers on whose written statements his conviction was based.   59664/21 17/11/2021 Diana Pavlovna AKHMADEYEVA 1986   Memorial Human Rights Centre Moscow Rally “Free Navalnyy”   Moscow 31/01/2021 Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO fine of RUB 10,000 Moscow City Court 17/05/2021 Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to and detention at the police station for compiling an offence report from 3.30   p.m. until 9.00 p.m. on 31/01/2021;   Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings;   Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in the trial police officers on whose written statements his conviction was based.   59671/21 17/11/2021 Denis Nikolayevich VOLEGOV 1990   Memorial Human Rights Centre Moscow Rally “Free Navalnyy”   Kaliningrad 23/01/2021 Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO fine of RUB 10,000 Kaliningrad Regional Court 18/05/2021 Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings;   Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in the trial police officers on whose written statements his conviction was based.   59673/21* 01/12/2021 Ilya Vladimirovich LEYKIN 1984   Memorial Human Rights Centre Moscow Rally “Free Navalnyy”   Moscow 02/02/2021 Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO fine of RUB 15,000 Moscow City Court 29/06/2021 Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to and detention at the police station for compiling an offence report from 11.18   a.m. on 02/02/2021 until 1.00 a.m. on 03/02/2021;   Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings;   Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in the trial police officers on whose written statements his conviction was based.   59676/21 01/12/2021 Sabina Faikovna KATASONOVA 1997   Memorial Human Rights Centre Moscow Rally “Free Navalnyy”   Moscow 02/02/2021 Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO fine of RUB 15,000 Moscow City Court 03/06/2021 Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to and detention at the police station for compiling an offence report from 11.00 p.m. on 02/02/2021 until 9.20 a.m. on 03/02/2021;   Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings;   Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in the trial police officers on whose written statements his conviction was based.   59683/21* 13/11/2021 Sergey Yuryevich KHAVROVSKIY 1984   Memorial Human Rights Centre Moscow Rally “Free Navalnyy”   Moscow 31/01/2021 Article 20.2 § 6.1 of CAO detention for 5 days Moscow City Court 13/05/2021 Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to and detention at the police station for compiling an offence report from 1.00 p.m. on 31/01/2021 until 4.00 p.m. on 02/02/2021;   Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings; Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in the trial police officers on whose written statements his conviction was based.   59765/21* 01/12/2021 Dmitriy Vladimirovich ORLIK 1977   Memorial Human Rights Centre Moscow Rally “Free Navalnyy”   Moscow 31/01/2021 Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO fine of RUB 10,000 Moscow City Court 17/06/2021 Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to the police station for compiling an offence report on 31/01/2021;   Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in the trial police officers on whose written statements his conviction was based;   Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings.   59773/21 01/12/2021 Konstantin Nikolayevich LUNEV 1993   Memorial Human Rights Centre Moscow Rally “Free Navalnyy”   Moscow 31/01/2021 Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO fine of RUB 10,000 Moscow City Court 07/06/2021 Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to the police station for compiling an offence report on 31/01/2021;   Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings;   Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in the trial police officers on whose written statements his conviction was based;   Art. 6 (1) - unfair criminal proceedings - various deficiencies of the administrative offence proceedings (no possibility to adduce evidence) [4] .   59796/21* 01/12/2021 Yuliya Andreyevna GRACHEVA 1980   Memorial Human Rights Centre Moscow Rally “Free Navalnyy”   Moscow 02/02/2021 Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO fine of RUB 20,000 Moscow City Court 03/06/2021 Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to and detention at the police station for compiling an offence report from 11.15 a.m. until 6.00 p.m. on 02/02/2021;   Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings;   Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in the trial police officers on whose written statements his conviction was based.   59852/21 29/11/2021 Yuliya Sergeyevna MASHUKOVA 1996   Memorial Human Rights Centre Moscow Rally “Free Navalnyy”   Moscow 23/01/2021 Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO fine of RUB 20,000 Moscow City Court 01/06/2021 Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to the police station for compiling an offence report on 23/01/2021;   Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings;   Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in the trial police officers on whose written statements his conviction was based.   59871/21* 29/11/2021 Aleksandr Nikolayevich NEMUROV 1970   Memorial Human Rights Centre Moscow Rally “Free Navalnyy”   Moscow 31/01/2021 Article 20.2 § 6.1 of CAO fine of RUB 10,000 Moscow City Court 17/06/2021 Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to and detention at the police station for compiling an offence report from 11.50 a.m. on 31/01/2021 until 5.00 p.m. on 01/02/2021;   Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings;   Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in the trial police officers on whose written statements his conviction was based.   59889/21* 24/11/2021 Alisa Aleksandrovna ZELKOVA 2002   Memorial Human Rights Centre Moscow Rally “Free Navalnyy”   Moscow 02/02/2021 Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO fine of RUB 10,000 Moscow City Court 25/05/2021 Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to and detention at the police station for compiling an offence report from 11.48 p.m. on 02/02/2021 until 5.23 a.m. on 03/02/2021;   Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings.   59905/21* 24/11/2021 Dmitriy Aleksandrovich SHOSHNEV 1976   Memorial Human Rights Centre Moscow Rally “Free Navalnyy”   Moscow 02/02/2021 Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO fine of RUB 10,000 Moscow City Court 11/06/2021 Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to and detention at the police station for compiling an offence report from 12.47 p.m. until 8.37 p.m. on 02/02/2021;   Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings;   Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in the trial police officers on whose written statements his conviction was based.   59921/21 24/11/2021 Darya Vyacheslavovna VERNIDUB 1999   Memorial Human Rights Centre Moscow Rally “Free Navalnyy”   Krasnoyarsk 31/01/2021 Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO fine of RUB 10,000 Krasnoyarsk Regional Court 27/05/2021 Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to and detention at the police station for compiling an offence report from 1.24 p.m. until 7.00 p.m. on 31/01/2021;   Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings.   59925/21* 24/11/2021 Marina Markovna KARAULINA 1958   Memorial Human Rights Centre Moscow Rally "Medical care to Navalnyy"   St Petersburg 21/04/2021 Article 20.2 § 6.1 of CAO fine of RUB 10,000 St Petersburg City Court 13/07/2021 Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to and detention at the police station for compiling an offence report from 7.30 p.m. on 21/04/2021 until 3.30 a.m. on 24/04/2021;   Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings;   Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in the trial police officers on whose written statements his conviction was based.   60067/21 01/12/2021 Nikita Pavlovich FANIN 1997   Memorial Human Rights Centre Moscow Rally “Free Navalnyy”   Moscow 31/01/2021 Article 20.2 § 6.1 of CAO fine of RUB 10,000 Moscow City Court 13/08/2021 Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to and detention at the police station for compiling an offence report from 12.29 p.m. on 31/01/2021 until 1.30 a.m. on 01/02/2021;   Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings;   Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in the trial police officers on whose written statements his conviction was based.   60081/21 24/11/2021 Roman Aleksandrovich SONICHEV 2001   Memorial Human Rights Centre Moscow Rally “Free Navalnyy”   Kaluga 31/01/2021 Article 20.2.2 § 1 of CAO fine of RUB 14,000 Kaluga Regional Court 25/05/2021 Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to and detention at the police station for compiling an offence report from 12.25 p.m. until 11.45 p.m. on 31/01/2021;   Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings;   Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in the trial police officers on whose written statements his conviction was based.   60085/21 24/11/2021 Danil Yevgenyevich AKATOV 2001   Memorial Human Rights Centre Moscow Rally “Free Navalnyy”   Moscow 23/01/2021 Article 20.2 § 6.1 of CAO fine of RUB 10,000 Moscow City Court 07/06/2021 Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to and detention at the police station for compiling an offence report from 4.30 p.m. on 23/01/2021 until 9.50 p.m. on 25/01/2021;   Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings;   Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in the trial police officers on whose written statements his conviction was based.   60211/21* 24/11/2021 Svyatoslav Vladimirovich YERMILIN 1997   Memorial Human Rights Centre Moscow Rally “Free Navalnyy”   Yekaterinburg 23/01/2021 Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO 20 hours of community work Sverdlovsk Regional Court 03/06/2021 Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings;   Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in the trial police officers on whose written statements his conviction was based.   [1] Butkevich v. Russia , no. 5865/07, §§ 63-65, 13 February 2018, Tsvetkova and Others v. Russia , nos. 54381/08 and 5 others, §§ 115-31, 10 April 2018, and Korneyeva v. Russia , no. 72051/17, §§ 34-36, 8 October 2019. [2] Karelin v. Russia , no. 926/08, §§ 58-85, 20 September 2016. [3] Schatschaschwili v. Germany [GC], no. 9154/10, §§ 100-31, ECHR 2015, and Murtazaliyeva v. Russia [GC], no. 36658/05, §§ 150-59, 18 December 2018. [4] Kasparov and Others v. Russia (no. 2) , no. 51988/07, §§ 48-51, 13 December 2016.