CEDH · CASELAW;COMMUNICATEDCASES;ENG — 9 décembre 2025

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vertical-align:top } .s2629E180 { width:18.96%; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:0.75pt; border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:0.75pt; padding-right:3.12pt; padding-left:3.5pt; vertical-align:top } .s1D3196FE { width:17.28%; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:0.75pt; border-right-style:solid; border-right-width:0.75pt; padding-right:3.12pt; padding-left:3.5pt; vertical-align:top } .s6DE5FA5D { width:18.96%; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:0.75pt; padding-right:3.12pt; padding-left:3.5pt; vertical-align:top } Published on 5 January 2026   FIRST SECTION Applications nos. 22729/19 and 3568/20 Geertje Jenneke BAKKER and Others against Russia and Geertina Klasina WARTA and Others against Russia lodged on 23 April 2019 and 20 December 2019 respectively communicated on 9 December 2025 SUBJECT MATTER OF THE CASE The applications arise from the conflict in eastern Ukraine that began in the spring of 2014. They concern the shooting down of Malaysia Airlines flight MH17 over the region on 17 July 2014. A chronology of the conflict is set out in Ukraine and the Netherlands v.   Russia [GC], nos. 8019/16 and 3 others, §§ 35-79, 9 July 2025. The details of the investigations and the criminal proceedings concerning the downing of flight MH17, including the investigations led by the Dutch Safety Board (“DSB”), the joint investigation team (“JIT”), the proceedings before the first instance court in The Hague, and the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) Council, are set out in paragraphs 126-37 of the same judgment. The Court’s findings in respect of the downing of flight MH17 can be found in paragraphs 432-555. The Court has found in the above-mentioned judgment that the downing of flight MH17, resulting in the deaths of all 298 civilians on board, was the consequence of the firing from separatist-controlled territory of a Buk missile supplied and transported to eastern Ukraine, along with a Buk-TELAR, by the Russian Federation. It has further found that the evidence demonstrated beyond reasonable doubt that the Buk ‑ TELAR used to shoot down flight MH17 had been provided by the Russian Federation in direct response to the separatists’ call for anti ‑ aircraft weaponry (ibid., § 452). The applicants in the present applications are relatives of some of the victims who were on board flight MH17 (see, in this connection, two other applications lodged by the relatives of a large number of the remaining victims, namely Ayley and Others v. Russia , no. 25714/16 and Angline and Others v. Russia , no. 56328/18, communicated on 3 April 2019). A list of applicants, their nationalities, dates of birth and the dates on which they introduced their applications before the Court are set out in the Appendix. The applicants in application no. 22729/19 are represented by Ms   A.F.   Collignon, a lawyer practising in Amsterdam. The applicants in application no. 3568/20 are represented by Ms C. Wijnakker, a lawyer also practising in Amsterdam. COMPLAINTS The applicants in application no. 22729/19 complain under Article 2 of the Convention that the Russian Federation was responsible for the downing of flight MH17 and the killing of their relatives on board, either directly or through the acts of separatists under its control. They further complain under Article 2 of the Convention that the Russian Federation failed to discharge its obligation to conduct an effective investigation into the killing of their relatives and to bring the perpetrators to justice. They add that the Russian Federation also failed to cooperate with the investigations carried out by the DSB and the JIT. Finally, they complain under Article 3 of the Convention that the killing of their relatives constituted inhuman and degrading treatment. The applicants in application no. 3568/20 complain as follows: (1)     referring to Article 2 of the Convention, that there has been a substantive violation of that provision in that the Russian Federation was responsible for the downing of flight MH17 under one of the following scenarios: (i) it was actively involved, through its officials, in the decision to fire the BUK missile at the airplane, or (ii) despite the presence of its military during the firing of the BUK missile at the airplane, it did not prevent its firing by the separatists, or (iii) it made the BUK launch facility and missile available to the separatists without controlling its use, or (iv) it did not keep the BUK launch facility and missile under its control; (2)     invoking Article 2 of the Convention, that there has been a procedural violation of that provision in that the Russian Federation (i) did not adequately cooperate with the investigation conducted by international fact ‑ finding committees, (ii) provided incorrect information to the JIT and (iii)   failed to conduct an independent, adequate, prompt and reliable investigation; (3)     citing Articles 2, 3 and 8 of the Convention, that, by failing to cooperate with the international investigations and to conduct an adequate domestic investigation, as well as by failing to provide information that could clarify who was responsible for the killing of the applicants’ relatives, the Russian Federation directly caused the applicants to suffer anguish and a heavy burden, amounting to ill-treatment, and breached their right to respect for their family life; (4)     referring to Articles 2, 3, 6, 8 and 13 of the Convention, that the Russian Federation, by failing to cooperate with the international investigations and to conduct an adequate domestic investigation, deprived the applicants of their right to an effective remedy and compensation. QUESTIONS TO THE PARTIES 1.     Can the applicants claim to be victims of the alleged violations of the Convention? The applicants are requested to provide the Court with the name(s) of their relative(s) who died on board flight MH17, as indicated in their official identity documents, and explain the applicants’ level of kinship to the deceased.   2.     Have the applicants complied with the requirements of Article 35 §   1 of the Convention (see Ukraine and the Netherlands v. Russia (dec.) [GC], nos. 8019/16 and 2 others, §§ 799-817, 30 November 2022)?   3.     Has there been a violation of the substantive limb of Article 2 on account of the killing of the applicants’ relatives (see Ukraine and the Netherlands v.   Russia , cited above, §§ 432-66)?   4.     Has there been a breach of the procedural limb of Article 2 of the Convention in relation to the applicants’ complaint that the Russian Federation failed to investigate the downing of flight MH17 and to cooperate with the relevant investigations (see Ukraine and the Netherlands v. Russia , cited above, §§ 467-500)?   5.     Have the applicants been subjected to inhuman and degrading treatment in breach of Article 3 of the Convention in respect of their suffering as a result of the downing of flight MH17 (see Ukraine and the Netherlands v.   Russia , cited above, §§ 515-52)?   6.     Has there been a violation of Article 13 of the Convention in conjunction with Articles 2 and 3 on account of the applicants’ complaint of a lack of effective domestic remedies in application no. 3568/20 (see Ukraine and the Netherlands v. Russia , cited above, §§ 501-14 and §§ 553-55)?   Finally, the applicants are requested to verify the accuracy of their names and dates of birth, as indicated in the Appendix, to ensure that they correspond to those appearing in their official identity documents, and to inform the Court of any necessary corrections. The applicants are also invited to provide the Court with copies of those documents.       APPENDIX Application no. 22729/19 Date of introduction – 23 April 2019 No. Family name First name(s) Title Date of birth Nationality 1. Bakker Geertje Jenneke Mrs 04/10/1945 Dutch 2. van de Mortel Yarick Mr 01/12/1995 Dutch Date of introduction – 24 April 2019 No. Family name First name(s) Title Date of birth Nationality 1. Albinus Ommy Mrs 11/03/1947 Dutch 2. Anghel Sorin Mr 31/05/1961 Canadian 3. Broos Adriana Nicolaas Maria Mrs 02/06/1951 Dutch 4. Calehr Samira Soraya Mrs 30/08/1976 Dutch 5. de Borst Hans Robert Mr 17/08/1962 Dutch 6. Fredriksz Robbert Edward Mr 29/02/1948 Dutch 7. Fredriksz-Hoogzand Silene Mrs 14/01/1963 Dutch 8. Gianotten Elisabeth Corstiana Mrs 03/05/1986 Dutch 9. Gianotten Janna Johanna Mrs 05/06/1954 Dutch 10. Gianotten Johanes Jacobus Theodorus Mr 15/06/1955 Dutch 11. Hornikx Gijsbertus Wilhelmus Josephus Maria Mr 18/11/1947 Dutch 12. Pratiwi Hanny Mrs 18/09/1985 Dutch 13. van der Arend e/v van Veldhuizen Johanna Wilhelmina Maria Mrs 27/06/1943 Dutch 14. van Veldhuizen Franciscus Johannes Martinus Mr 25/01/1975 Dutch 15. van Veldhuizen Johannes Thomas Maria Mr 07/01/1940 Dutch 16. van Veldhuizen Norbert Johannes Martines Mr 03/04/1978 Dutch 17. van Veldhuizen Roberto Gerardus Johannes Mr 11/08/1973 Dutch Date of introduction – 29 May 2020 No. Family name First name(s) Title Date of birth Nationality 1. Clancy Bryan John Mr 31/12/1957 Australian 2. Clancy Richard Vincent Mr 07/12/1961 Australian 3. Derden Rita Mrs 06/04/1958 Belgian 4. Horder Adam John Mr 04/03/1981 Australian 5. Horder David Anthony Mr 05/03/1977 Australian 6. Horder Matthew Richard Mr 20/03/1975 Australian 7. Mayne Simon Mr 08/01/1961 British 8. Pocock Jeremy David Mr 27/07/1963 British 9. Pocock Sara Louise Mrs 15/06/1961 British 10. Rizk James Elliott Mr 28/03/1993 Australian 11. Rizk Vanessa Kathleen Mrs 07/10/1991 Australian 12. van Loo Johannes Joseph Mr 24/12/1952 Dutch 13. Villaca Vanetta Claudio Manoel Mr 17/02/1963 Swiss, Brazilian 14. Withers Brittany June Mrs 20/09/1996 British 15. Withers Jordan Mr 23/10/1991 British 16. Withers Tracey Mrs 20/09/1964 British Date of introduction – 17 September 2020 No. Family name First name(s) Title Date of birth Nationality 1. Derkx Theresia Gerardine Mrs 03/11/1932 Dutch 2. O’Brien Bronwyn Ellen Mrs 26/07/1992 Australian 3. O’Brien Jonathan Mark Mr 01/04/1960 Australian 4. O’Brien Meryn Lesley Mrs 08/04/1961 Australian 5. Paulissen Christina Hubertina Elisabeth Mrs 02/08/1957 Dutch 6. Schardijn Reginald John Ricardo Mr 27/12/1959 Dutch 7. Vleesenbeek Donald Erik Mr 13/04/1978 Dutch 8. Vleesenbeek Leonie Kristie Mrs 22/12/1986 Dutch 9. Vleesenbeek Leonard Harry Mr 22/01/1950 Dutch 10. Vleesenbeek Mertijn Remko Mr 17/02/1973 Dutch 11. von Kreijfelt Titia Arina Mrs 08/07/1953 Dutch   Date of introduction – 4 January 2021 No. Family name First name(s) Title Date of birth Nationality 1. Bakker Jorn Christiaan Mr 19/02/1987 Dutch 2. Bakker Rolf Hendrik Mr 16/08/1988 Dutch 3. de Waal Richard Franciscus Cornelia Mr 26/06/1974 Dutch 4. Ernst Remy Johannes Mr 03/04/1978 Dutch 5. Goes Gijsbertus Josephus Maria Mr 16/03/1937 Dutch 6. Goes Wim Mr 15/05/1981 Dutch 7. Grippeling Marlies/Maria Cecilia Mrs 10/01/1969 Dutch 8. Nagel Angela Claire Mrs 15/10/1966 Australian 9. Norris Lindy Gail Brackenridge Mrs 17/02/1954 Australian 10. Serracino Inglott Els Mrs 24/03/1980 Dutch Date of introduction – 8 June 2021 No. Family name First name(s) Title Date of birth Nationality 1. Bakker Suze Ann Mrs 21/10/1984 Dutch 2. Hoare Hugo Charles Mr 22/08/1956 British 3. Hoare Penelope Jane Mrs 03/11/1927 British 4. Kane Michelle Mrs 02/01/1990 Australian 5. Lau Melissa Mrs 05/11/1986 Australian 6. Maslin Anthony Robert Frederick Mr 02/05/1969 Australian 7. Norris Marite Nicole Mrs 16/04/1973 Australian 8. Tournier Anne Rahimmah Mrs 27/08/1985 Swiss 9. Tournier Johan Hippolyte Mr 23/09/1988 Swiss 10. Tournier Hippolyte Mr 22/09/1941 Swiss, Uruguayan 11. van Luik Alexander Johan Mr 05/01/1964 Dutch Date of introduction – 21 October 2021 No. Family name First name(s) Title Date of birth Nationality 1. Anghel Anca-Maria Mrs 12/09/1962 Canadian 2. Foo Megan Manqing Mrs 17/07/2000 Malaysian 3. Loo Pea Boon Mr 05/12/1967 Malaysian 4. Lupker Werner Mr 26/12/1973 Dutch 5. Mesiran Parlan Mr 30/12/1953 Malaysian 6. Milana Alexandra Maria Mrs 22/05/1988 Canadian 7. Parlan Fateen Izzah Atira Mrs 09/02/1992 Malaysian 8. Parlan Fateen Izzah Haziqah Mrs 17/06/1990 Malaysian 9. Parlan Fateen Najihah Mrs 21/09/1986 Malaysian 10. Parlan Mohd Rizal Mr 22/01/1979 Malaysian 11. Poon Jordan Kam Weng Mr 04/04/2002 American 12. Rajikon Hasiah Mrs 18/07/1957 Malaysian Date of introduction – 1 August 2022 No. Family name First name(s) Title Date of birth Nationality 1. Maas Anna Maria Catharina Adriana Mrs 08/08/1966 Dutch 2. Maas Franciscus Mr 01/10/1959 Dutch 3. Maas v Schijndel Johanna Henrica Mrs 28/10/1936 Dutch Date of introduction – 19 December 2022 No. Family name First name(s) Title Date of birth Nationality 1. Menke Rudolf Maria Mr 28/11/1952 Australian 2. Menke Sara Jane Mrs 21/02/1974 Australian 3. Menke Walter Antonius Mr 23/05/1956 Australian Date of introduction – 12 January 2023 No. Family name First name(s) Title Date of birth Nationality 1. Clancy Frances Joy Mrs 27/11/1930 Australian 2. Dalziel Campbell Mr 09/12/1975 British 3. Dalziel Candice Chantelle Mrs 18/06/1969 British 4. Dalziel Douglas Mr 14/12/1937 British 5. Dalziel Meryll Mrs 21/06/1940 South African 6. Denby Jordan Mrs 26/08/1992 British 7. Guard David Alexander Mr 06/05/1983 Australian 8. Guard Paul Andrew Mr 23/04/1978 Australian 9. Koopman Amanda Lyn Mrs 09/05/1980 Australian 10. Mainaky Ziska Olivia Mrs 26/03/1954 Dutch 11. Mayne Elizabeth Ann Mrs 11/12/1960 British 12. Mayne Francesca Ann Mrs 31/12/1997 British 13. Mayne Thomas Alexander Mr 29/03/1990 British 14. Mayne William Harry Mr 17/07/1995 British 15. Panduwinata Mika Gawam Mr 18/06/1998 Dutch 16. Pocock Emily Jane Mrs 06/01/1996 British 17. Robbins Joyce Elaine Mrs 10/07/1952 British 18. Scott Ruth Louise Mrs 08/05/1960 Australian 19. Sweeney Barry David Mr 17/12/1961 British 20. Sweeney Marc Mr 02/05/1989 British 21. Sweeney Victoria Mrs 11/07/1984 British 22. van de Scheur-Calehr Yasmine Johanna Christina Mrs 27/04/1946 Dutch Date of introduction – 9 February 2023 No. Family name First name(s) Title Date of birth Nationality 1. Dalziel Cruz Mr 13/01/2010 South African 2. Dalziel (Schultz) Reine Mrs 06/11/1976 South African 3. Dalziel Sheldon Mr 11/11/1999 South African Date of introduction – 30 March 2023 No. Family name First name(s) Title Date of birth Nationality 1. Oreshkin Mark   Mr 31/10/1981 Australian Application no. 3568/20 Date of introduction – 20 December 2019 No. Family name First name(s) Title Date of birth Nationality 1. Baaij Nicolaas Mr 17/09/2010 Dutch 2. de Vos Ewout Marius Mr 10/11/1998 Dutch 3. Jesurun Eero Arthur Johan Mr 04/09/1969 Dutch 4. Jesurun-Jansen Theodore Wijnanda Ms 28/11/1933 Dutch 5. Koopen-Risah Louise A. Ms 05/12/1949 Dutch 6. Risah Elly (Elisabeth) Ms 31/10/1962 Dutch 7. Risah Frederik Roeland Mr 01/11/1953 Dutch 8. Risah Maudy Ms 20/10/1956 Dutch 9. Risah Peter Mr 07/02/1961 Dutch 10. van Staveren Patricia Ann Theodore Ms 09/10/1956 Dutch 11. van Wiggen Kate Ms 03/08/1976 Dutch 12. Warta Geertina Klasina Ms 03/06/1960 Dutch Date of introduction – 7 July 2020 No. Family name First name(s) Title Date of birth Nationality 1. Risah Wijnand Mr 24/11/1957 Dutch Date of introduction – 16 September 2020 No. Family name First name(s) Title Date of birth Nationality 1. de Vos Jorn Ward   Mr 03/08/1993 Dutch 2. Kotte Anton Philip   Mr 12/07/1944 Dutch 3. Kotte Edgar   Mr 05/09/1974 Dutch 4. Lange Anna Jozefina   Ms 01/07/1985 Dutch 5. Lange Maria Gesina   Ms 08/05/1989 Dutch Date of introduction – 20 November 2020 No. Family name First name(s) Title Date of birth Nationality 1. Lange Martha Ottla   Ms 26/03/1992 Dutch 2. Lange Max Theodor   Mr 31/07/1987 Dutch 3. Lange Ottla Suzanna   Ms 31/08/1996 Dutch Date of introduction – 10 December 2020 No. Family name First name(s) Title Date of birth Nationality 1. van Toulon van der Koog Anouk Charlotte Caroline   Ms 07/04/1990 Dutch   Date of introduction – 7 March 2022 No. Family name First name(s) Title Date of birth Nationality 1. Vorsselman Daniel Arun   Mr 28/04/1987 Dutch Date of introduction – 19 December 2022 No. Family name First name(s) Title Date of birth Nationality 1. Dalstra Lieke   Ms 05/08/1993 Dutch 2. Dalstra Hille   Mr 14/04/1995 Dutch