CEDH · CASELAW;COMMUNICATEDCASES;ENG — 9 décembre 2025

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padding-left:3.5pt; vertical-align:bottom } .s48795174 { width:17.38%; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:0.75pt; border-right-style:solid; border-right-width:0.75pt; padding-right:3.12pt; padding-left:3.5pt; vertical-align:bottom } .s951F1F21 { width:17.1%; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:0.75pt; padding-right:3.12pt; padding-left:3.5pt; vertical-align:bottom } .s69F7C1B { width:23.16%; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:0.75pt; border-right-style:solid; border-right-width:0.75pt; padding-right:3.12pt; padding-left:3.5pt; vertical-align:bottom; background-color:#f8f8f8 } Published on 5 January 2026   FIRST SECTION Application no. 32437/23 Mohamed Shafiq BIN MOHAMED SALLEH and Others against Russia lodged on 19 June 2023 communicated on 9 December 2025 SUBJECT MATTER OF THE CASE The application arises from the conflict in eastern Ukraine that began in spring 2014. It concerns the shooting down of Malaysia Airlines flight MH17 over the region on 17 July 2014. A chronology of the conflict is set out in Ukraine and the Netherlands v.   Russia [GC], nos. 8019/16 and 3 others, §§ 35-79, 9 July 2025. The details of the investigations and the criminal proceedings concerning the downing of flight MH17, including the investigations led by the Dutch Safety Board (“DSB”), the joint investigation team (“JIT”), the proceedings before the first instance court in The Hague, and the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) Council, are set out in paragraphs 126-37 of the same judgment. The Court’s findings in respect of the downing of flight MH17 can be found in paragraphs 432-555. The Court has found in the above-mentioned judgment that the downing of flight MH17, resulting in the deaths of all 298 civilians on board, was the consequence of the firing from separatist-controlled territory of a Buk missile supplied and transported to eastern Ukraine, along with a Buk-TELAR, by the Russian Federation. It has further found that the evidence demonstrated beyond reasonable doubt that the Buk ‑ TELAR used to shoot down flight MH17 had been provided by the Russian Federation in direct response to the separatists’ call for anti ‑ aircraft weaponry (ibid., § 452). The applicants in the present application are relatives of some of the victims who were on board flight MH17 (see, in this connection, two other applications lodged by the relatives of a large number of the remaining victims, namely Ayley and Others v. Russia , no. 25714/16 and Angline and Others v. Russia , no. 56328/18, communicated on 3 April 2019). A list of applicants, their nationalities, their dates of birth and the dates on which they introduced their applications before the Court are set out in the Appendix. The applicants are represented by Ms A.F. Collignon, a lawyer practising in Amsterdam. COMPLAINTS The applicants complain under Article 2 of the Convention that the Russian Federation was responsible for the downing of flight MH17 and the killing of their relatives on board, either directly or through the acts of separatists under its control. They further complain under Article 2 of the Convention that the Russian Federation failed to discharge its obligation to conduct an effective investigation into the killing of their relatives and to bring the perpetrators to justice. They add that the Russian Federation also failed to cooperate with the investigations carried out by the DSB and the JIT. Finally, they complain under Article 3 of the Convention that the killing of their relatives constituted inhuman and degrading treatment. QUESTIONS TO THE PARTIES 1.     Can the applicants claim to be victims of the alleged violations of the Convention? The applicants are requested to provide the Court with the name(s) of their relative(s) who died on board flight MH17, as indicated in their official identity documents, and explain the applicants’ level of kinship to the deceased.   2.     Have the applicants complied with the requirements of Article 35 §   1 of the Convention? In particular, have they complied with the four-month time-limit laid down in that Article (see Ukraine and the Netherlands v.   Russia (dec.) [GC], nos. 8019/16 and 2 others, §§ 808-16, 30 November 2022)?   3.     Has there been a violation of the substantive limb of Article 2 on account of the killing of the applicants’ relatives (see Ukraine and the Netherlands v. Russia , cited above, §§ 432-66)?   4.     Has there been a breach of the procedural limb of Article 2 of the Convention in relation to the applicants’ complaint that the Russian Federation failed to investigate the downing of flight MH17 and to cooperate with the relevant investigations (see Ukraine and the Netherlands v. Russia , cited above, §§ 467-500)?   5.     Have the applicants been subjected to inhuman and degrading treatment in breach of Article 3 of the Convention in respect of their suffering as a result of the downing of flight MH17 (see Ukraine and the Netherlands v. Russia , cited above, §§ 515-52)?   Finally, the applicants are requested to verify the accuracy of their names and dates of birth, as indicated in the Appendix, to ensure that they correspond to those appearing in their official identity documents, and to inform the Court of any necessary corrections. The applicants are also invited to provide the Court with copies of those documents.       APPENDIX Date of introduction – 19 June 2023 No. Family name First name(s) Title Date of birth Nationality 1. Bin Mohamed Salleh Mohamed Shafiq Mr 07/09/1994 Malaysian 2. Binti Mohamed Salleh Nur Shazani Ms 06/11/1988 Malaysian 3. Binti Mohamed Salleh Nur Shima Ms 03/09/1993 Malaysian 4. Binti Mohd Shabdin Kalasom Bee Ms 09/03/1935 Malaysian 5. Chua Cheng Geok Ms 15/03/1945 Malaysian 6. Lee Chee Chuan Mr 24/05/1974 Malaysian 7. Lee Chii Leong Mr 23/08/1962 Malaysian 8. Lee Hooi Bin Ms 02/03/1967 Malaysian 9. Lee Hooi Ling Ms 25/02/1965 Malaysian 10. Lee Hooi Peng Ms 24/09/1969 Malaysian 11. Mohd Ghafar Afi Hazim Mr 01/06/2000 Malaysian 12. Mohd Ghafar Ammar Syarif Mr 08/07/1989 Malaysian 13. Mohd Ghafar Sa’imah Baizura Ms 12/09/1985 Malaysian 14. Mohd Tarmizi Aliff Haiqal Mr 05/01/2006 Malaysian 15. Mohd Tarmizi Aliff Hazeim Mr 20/11/2012 Malaysian 16. Sandhu Hans Singh Mr 04/11/2004 Malaysian 17. Sandhu Naranjan Singh Sheila Ms 27/12/1969 Malaysian 18. Wong Hon Kai Mr 05/02/2004 Malaysian 19. Wong Ruiqi Ms 25/04/2001 Malaysian 20. Wong Shenkai Mr 07/02/2012 Malaysian Date of introduction – 2 July 2024 No. Family name First name(s) Title Date of birth Nationality 1. Liddle Tracey Anne Mrs 12/06/1979 British 2. Sweeney David Richard Mr 13/09/1981 British 3. Sweeney Ryan Robert Mr 23/03/1985 British